Psychological Dispositions Pedophilia and Paraphilia Essay

Pedophilia is one of several psychological dispositions referred to as paraphilias. Paraphilia is a condition where sexual arousal is dependent on fantasizing about engaging in sexual behavior considered atypical or extreme (Psychology Today, 2014). Pedophilia and other paraphilia are viewed as mental illness that is abnormal, distasteful, weird, kinky and totally unacceptable by most people (Psychology Today, 2014). One of the most hated, reviled, and public enraging individuals in society is a pedophile. Most equate pedophilia with a sexual molester of children or some sort of perverted freak. There is considerable misunderstanding about pedophilia. In a 1990 research study, the authors state â€Å"there is widespread belief among†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"To expand the definition of this disorder to include hebephilia, an attraction to children who are going through puberty. The hybrid category, pedohebephilia, would consist of the pedophilic type (attraction to chil dren younger than 11), the hebephilic type (attracted to children ages 11 through 14), and the pedohebephilic type (attracted to both). The draft suggests the use of pornography depicting prepubescent or pubescent children for six months or longer should be considered a symptom of pedohebephilic† (Harvard Mental Health, 2010 a, p.3). There is much debate as to whether the hebephilic type should be entered into the DSM-V as a disorder. Some researchers support removing the term from the DSM altogether (Renshaw, 2003). Researchers from CWYA say in their report pro-pedophilia groups are pressuring the American Psychological Association to normalize pedophilia the same way pro-homosexual groups did in the 1970’s. They also report while these groups complain of being stigmatized they use language to manipulate and desensitize people into believing pedophilia is not harmful. Instead of the term pedophiles CWYA says pro-pedophilia groups use milder terms such as â€Å"minor-attracted persons†. Yet another tactic is to label the opposition referring to them as bigots Who in Their Right Mind Would Normalize Pedophilia? (n.d.) Research Why some adults are sexually attracted to children is unclear. TheShow MoreRelatedJeffrey Dahmer : Understanding Criminal Minds2895 Words   |  12 Pagestold his parents that he was not interested in schoolwork and that he was very shy. Jeffrey was growing more and more isolated, lacking a parental figure, his father was too involved in his activities, and his mother was suffering from serious psychological problems† (Casey et al, 2000). Jeffrey showed a low patience to frustration, rather he was showing nothing at all, only silence. The way he handled his problems was to go walking in the woods or exploring animal’s interiors. The disease of hisRead MoreEssay on Pedophiles and the Criminal Justice System8452 Words   |  34 Pagesso we may begin to put an end to this vicious crime. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What is a pedophile? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-111-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) lists the essential features of pedophilia as â€Å" recurrent, intense, sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies, of at least six months duration, involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child† (p.284). The prepubescent child is normally thirteen years old or younger. (Murray, 2000)

Reflection Paper Of Erikson - 1131 Words

Erik Erikson brought new ideas into the psychological community when he developed his eight stages of psychosocial development. Erikson spent time observing people and how they interact with society. As a future educator, Erikson’s theory is going to play a major role in personal choices and choices made for and about future students. This theory has impacted the psychological community, as well as the education community. Erikson moved from Europe to come to the United States of America. As an immigrant, he was looking for his place to fit into the world. Erikson wanted an identity in America, but he soon realized the hard work of pleasing the self while attempting to please society (Douvan, 1996). Voluntarily, he became an outsider to†¦show more content†¦The mother has a significant role in this stage, because she is responsible for the infant’s food and affection. However, if this role is not satisfied by the mother or another person, the sense of mistrust that will develop can follow the infant into adulthood. The second stage is autonomy vs. doubt where the child will start to take actions for themselves. The child will become less dependent from their caregivers and establish a sense of autonomy. Helicopter parents can create a sense of doubt in their children if they do not let them establish their own independence. The third stage is initiative vs. guilt. In this stage, the chi ld is exploring their world and starting to realize who they are becoming. If their natural urges are punished, they could be inhibited later in life. Stage four is industry vs. inferiority, in which the parent influence starts to lessen, and children want to make and create things on their own. Failure and success are big components at this age as the children begin to realize that there are standards in the world for them to meet. The fifth stage is identity vs. role confusion where adolescence start to realize what type of person they want to become. Many people do not make it out of this stage, which results in a confused state of their personal role in the world. The sixth stage is intimacy vs. isolation. This stage is for young adults as they begin to find people to spend theShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development1629 Words   |  7 PagesReflection Paper #4 Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages theory suggests that people pass through eight distinctive developmental stages as they grow and change throughout their lives. Integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of Erikson’s stage theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at approximately age 60 and ends at death. The crisis represented by this last life stage is integrity versus despair. Erikson proposed that this stage begins when the individual experiencesRead MoreThe Boys Building A Racetrack1207 Words   |  5 Pages Play Observation paper#2 I chose to write about the boys building a racetrack in the play center. There is a boy named Bob who is in the center of the play frame. Bob wants to build a racetrack underneath the chairs that were lined up separating the boy’s side of the room from the girl’s side. I assume this long line of chairs was meant to divide the room by gender. Some of the toys being used were building blocks. One of the objectives in which we learned that boys tend to build towers cameRead MoreEffects Of School Segregation On Schools Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagesformation begins in childhood and continues through adolescence (Chaplin John, 2007; Erikson, 1970). The formation of identity is not something that occurs in isolation; it occurs in conjunction with the expectations, norms, and values of the community (Eriskon, 1970; Mead 1934). In forming identity, there is a subjective sense of self, as well as an observable quality of being the same as others in one’s community (E rikson, 1970; Mead, 1934). The sense of identity depends upon the community in whichRead MoreEssay On Romantic Love1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthat takes over us whenever we see a companion. In this paper I will explore what impact psychology, neuroscience, and religion have on love - romantic love. Applied Psychology The social psychologist Erik Erikson described love as a virtue that one may or may not acquire during the Intimacy vs. Isolation psychosocial phase. This phase lasts between the ages of 18 up to 40, the longest range out of any stage. According to Erikson, one can live a life of fulfillment if one acquires allRead MoreCommunication Influences On Self Image Affect Interpersonal Communication876 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper explores how my intrapersonal communication impacts on self-image affect interpersonal communication. Erik Erikson, suggests that self-concept are defined as an individual’s conceptualization of his or her self (Potter Perry, 2009, p. 300). I use interpersonal skills every day to communicate and interact with my family, friends and relative. Communication influences intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships as well as the quality of lifetime of the individuals. People may recognizeRead MoreDevelopment Theories1579 Words   |  7 PagesAdol escent Development Karen Williams 9/17/12 Page One Development Theories In this paper I will talk about three of the development theories which are personality structure, psychosexual development and psychosocial development. All three of these developments are very important in a child’s life and helps them become who they are and I will explain how and why in this paper. According to Sigmund Freud in our text, there are three essential components: the id, the ego, andRead MoreEssay about Lifespan Development and Eriksons Stages of Development1644 Words   |  7 Pagesand its affect will occur throughout lifespan. The changes that occur during development have stage. Each theorists has stages of development where they display the changes. This essay will explore my development that will support theorist such as Erikson, Vygotsky, Berk, Piaget and other theorist. The age stages of prenatal will display physical and emotional domain, Infancy (0-2) will portray social and emotional domain, young children (2-6) will show cognitive and social domain, middle childhoodRead MoreRn Lifereview Interview1252 Words   |  6 PagesReview Analysis For this assignment, you will reflect on your interview with the older adult, introduce the individual to the reader, and respond to guiding questions to prepare an analysis paper. DO NOT INTERVIEW A FAMILY MEMBER UNLESS YOU OBTAIN COACH’S WRITTEN APPROVAL PRIOR TO INTERVIEW Your paper should include the following sections: 1. Introduction of Older Adult – This is the overall context of your interview but should not include the entire interview itself. 2. Analysis of theRead MoreThe Struggles And Needs Elderly Lgbt Individuals Face And Its Effect On Their Aging Process1334 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscrimination due to their sexuality, but also due to their age and/or gender. The intersectionality of sexuality, age, and/or gender can cause many physical, mental, and emotional health issues which require social work intervention. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the struggles and needs elderly LGBT individuals face and its effect on their aging process. This can be achieved by applying theoretical frameworks such as Erickson’s Stages of Development, Intersectionality, and Maslow’s Hierarchy ofRead MoreSecond Skin : New Design Organics1295 Words   |  6 Pagesthis a tradition of body projection which leads to the creation of object-surrogates where one thing represents the other. For example, the telescope as an eye, electrical circuits as a nervous system and a dwelling as the womb . This section of the paper wil l show how Vidler’s statement is untrue through an analysis of work from the likes of Le Corbusier and Filaret, then, see how it can be extended to FOA’s design of the terminal Vidler’s main argument for the loss of the body in architecture is

La Shampoo Free Essays

La Shampoo is a high quality and more expensive product that has the same marketing strategy over years. From 1989, the line start to slowly decline its sales. The ad agency tried to develop new look campaign, but this solution did nothing for La Shampoo sales and customers didn’t even noticed the change. We will write a custom essay sample on La Shampoo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Caroline, the brand manager wanted a new marketing plan to improve the sales and increase the market share, not to just keep the product remain on retailer’s shelves. She made a marketing meeting with Eric, her product sales manager, and Beth, the representative of the advertisement agency that held La Shampoo account, to discuss their recommendation. 1. Compete on Price : Eric’s solution is to reduce prices permanently as long as long term plan to save major accounts that in danger. Eric argued that the brand will died if we didn’t act very quickly and he saw his solution as a rescuer. Reduce prices is very helpful solution in supporting sales reps and increase sales volume at least for short time ,but it is not good in building the brand and increasing the brand market share for many reasons . First of all, competing in the price could be very dangerous if other brands lower their prices too specially if they are offering benefits La Shampoo can’t provide, like â€Å"beautiful hair from natural sources†. Secondly , price- driven consumers are not loyal ,so they will go with another brand that is cheaper. 2. Strong Brand Campaign : Beth’s solution is to create new advertisement campaign. This solution seemed better to improve sales ,but there is still no specific changes Beth suggested to repositioning La Shampoo on the customers’ minds. This solution is good if the marketing researches found out the causes of the sales’ decline. Then the new advertisement’s campaign should focus in repairing La Shampoo image and correcting the mistakes that happened in the previous years. So to obtain this solution marketing researches should be done deeply to better understanding customers . Facts About the Brand: * Brand that has been used mostly between its competitors in the category for two decades must have strong brand equity. * La Shampoo has boor brand management ,because they went from the problem to the solution without auses diagnosis. * Restaging the brand will require a lot of resources. * The alternative proposed by Marni Shin are likely to be too late , the competitor already filled the shelves with such a product . My Recommendations: After doing all researches and surveys needed on the target segment which I think is better to be women between ages of 15 to 50, I suggest two marketing strategies. The first one is for the existing customer base who still buy the product and doesn’t like changes. The other one is for attracting new customer by introducing some values La Shampoo can produce to them. These two plans should consider the following: * * In doing the researches , should make sure about asking the right question to know the attitude for loyal and former users. * Today’s customers are very sensitive about the values they will get for each dollar they pay. So the advertising campaign must focus on the benefits consumer will have by using the brand such as healthy hair and easy style getting. La Shampoo slogan â€Å"For the Look and Feel of France † is meaningless for the current environment, the people now don’t want to look French. * Some new trails and usages must be found for the brand to communicate them in the new ad campaign. * Keep some product lines without any change for whom already use the product and to keep the base customers. * The new advertisements should support La Shampoo in tapping new customers and protect the current users. How to cite La Shampoo, Papers

Plant, any member of the plant kingdom, comprising Essay Example For Students

Plant, any member of the plant kingdom, comprising Essay about 260,000 known species of mosses, liverworts, ferns, herbaceous and woody plants, bushes, vines, trees, and various other forms that mantle the earth and are also found in its waters. Plants range in size and complexity from small, nonvascular mosses, which depend on direct contact with surface water, to giant redwood trees, the largest living organisms, which can draw water and minerals through their vascular systems to elevations of more than 100 m (more than 330 ft). Only a tiny percentage of plant species are directly used by humans for food, shelter, fiber, and drugs. At the head of the list are rice, wheat, corn, legumes, cotton, conifers, and tobacco, on which whole economies and nations depend. Of even greater importance to humans are the indirect benefits reaped from the entire plant kingdom and its more than 3 billion years of carrying out photosynthesis. Today the worlds biomass is composed overwhelmingly of plants, which not only underpin all food webs but also modify climates and create and hold down soil, making what would otherwise be stony, sandy masses habitable for life. Cell Structure and Function The tremendous variety of plant species is, in part, a reflection of the many distinct cell types that make up individual plants. Fundamental similarities exist among all these cell types, however, and these similarities indicate the common origin and the interrelationships of the different plant species. Each individual plant cell is at least partly self-sufficient, being isolated from its neighbors by a cell membrane, or plasma membrane, and a cell wall. The membrane and wall allow the individual cell to carry out its functions. Tissue Systems There are many variants of the generalized plant cell and its parts. Similar kinds of cells are organized into structural and functional units, or tissues, which make up the plant as a whole, and new cells (and tissues) are formed at growing points of actively dividing cells. These growing points, called meristems, are located either at the stem and root tips, where they are responsible for the primary growth of plants, or laterally in stems and roots, where they are responsible for secondary plant growth. Three tissue systems are recognized in vascular plants: dermal, vascular, and ground. Dermal System The dermal system consists of the epidermis, or outermost layer, of the plant body. It forms the skin of the plant, covering the leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, and seeds. Epidermal cells vary greatly in function and structure. The epidermis may contain stomata, openings through which gases are exchanged with the atmosphere. Specialized cells called guard cells, which, through changes in their size and shape, alter the size of the stomatal openings and in effect, regulate the gas exchange, surround these openings. The epidermis is covered with a waxy coating called the cuticle, which functions as a waterproofing layer and thus reduces water loss from the plant surface through evaporation. Vascular System The vascular tissue system consists of two kinds of conducting tissues: the xylem, responsible for conduction of water and dissolved mineral nutrients, and the phloem, responsible for conduction of food. The xylem also stores food and helps support the plant. Xylem The xylem consists of two types of conducting cells: tracheids and vessels. Elongated cells, with tapered ends and secondary walls, both types lack cytoplasm and are dead at maturity. The walls have pitsareas in which secondary thickening does not occurthrough which water moves from cell to cell. Vessels usually are shorter and broader than tracheids, and in addition to pits they have perforation. Phloem The phloem, or food-conducting tissue, consists of cells that are living at maturity. The principal cells of phloem, the sieve elements, are so called because of the clusters of pores in their walls through which the protoplasts of adjoining cells are connected. Two types of sieve elements occur: sieve cells, with narrow pores in rather uniform clusters on the cell walls, and sieve-tube members, with larger pores on some walls of the cell than on others. Although the sieve elements contain cytoplasm at maturity, the nucleus and other organelles are lacking. Associated with the sieve elements are companion cells that do contain nuclei and that are responsible for manufacturing and secreting substances into the sieve elements and removing waste products from them. Christmas EssayThe leaf blade is connected to the stem through a narrowed portion called the petiole, or stalk, which consists mostly of vascular tissue. Appendages called stipules are often present at the base of the petiole. Many specialized forms of leaves occur. Some are modified as spines, which help protect plants from predators. Certain groups of plants possess highly modified leaves that trap and digest insects, providing needed nutrients. Some leaves are brightly colored and petal-like, serving to attract pollinators to otherwise small, unattractive flowers. Perhaps the most highly modified leaves are flowers themselves. The individual parts of flowersstamens, petals, and sepalsare all modified leaves that have taken on reproductive functions. Growth and Differentiation The growth and differentiation of the various plant tissue and organ systems are controlled by various internal and external factors. Ecology Rooted as they are in the ground, plants are commonly thought of as leading sedentary, vegetative, passive lives. A look, however, at the ingeniously developed interactions that plants have with their biological surroundings quickly corrects this notion. Cooperation and Competition Many plant species exist as separate male and female plants, and pollen from male flowers must reach the female flowers in order for pollination and seed development to take place. The agent of pollination is sometimes the wind (a part of the physical environment), but in many cases it is an insect, bat, or bird. Plants may also rely on agents for dispersing their seed. Thus, after pollination, cherry trees develop cherries that attract birds, which ingest the fruit and excrete the cherrystones in more distant terrain. Plants have evolved many other mutually beneficial relationships, such as the nitrogen-fixing bacteria that occur in the nodules on the roots of legumes. Many prairie grasses and other plants that flourish on open land depend on various herbivores to keep forests from closing in and shading them. In the competition among plants for light, many species have evolved such mechanisms as leaf shape, crown shape, and increased height in order to intercept the suns rays. In addition, many plants produce chemical substances that inhibit the germination or establishment of seeds of other species near them, thus excluding competing species from mineral resources as well as light.

Does Globalisation contribute to the growth of terrorism Essay Example

Does Globalisation contribute to the growth of terrorism Essay Globalisation has contributed to the growth of internationalised linkages through the ideals of free market liberalisation. It has facilitated the growth of multi-national companies whose business networks are connected through the internet and global communications networks. This interconnectedness has a dark side according to Louise Shelly, Terrorists have also globalised, taking advantage of the ability to recruit internationally, to be close to diaspora communities that can support them financially and logically.1 Jessica Stern feels that the current crop of global Jihadists are, both an expression and a symptom of globalisation, spread through the internet and other global media such as satellite television2. The concept of globalisation leads to a backlash against it3 and against the US lead Westernisation of the world. In a globalised world the causes of terrorism are, derived from a series of political, economic and technological problems that are interconnected4 and in turn the tools of globalisation; the internet, the media and the increased flow of materiel and people, are exploited.5 We will write a custom essay sample on Does Globalisation contribute to the growth of terrorism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Does Globalisation contribute to the growth of terrorism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Does Globalisation contribute to the growth of terrorism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Cronin states, Terrorism has a long and varied history6. It has been utilised by different groups for a myriad of reasons and in itself is almost impossible to define. At its most basic level terrorism can be viewed as having a political nature, using acts of violence against innocent targets to precipitate political change7. It is primarily used by non state actors, even when these groups have received funding or assistance from state actors. Since the end of the cold war, the world has seen a large increase in the amount of what Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon describe as Sacred Terror- mainly Islamic-based terror groups who see the overthrow of the west and the containing disconnection from the globalised world as their raison detre.8 In 2005 a working group for the Club de Madrids International Summit on Democracy, Terrorism and Security published a paper: Addressing the Causes of Terror; which outlined six contributions that globalisation has made to the growth of terrorism. These were: 1. Globalization as a cause and motivation for terror. 2. Cultural resistance to globalisation. 3. Globalisation fosters the development of new minorities. 4. Globalisation increases the opportunities for militant and terrorist groups. 5. Linkages develop between political and criminal networks. 6. Globalisation weakens the state. Using these six factors as well as information and evidence from other sources, this paper intends to outline how globalisation has contributed to the growth of terrorist activities. Globalization as a cause and motivation for terror The countries that have not integrated successfully into the new liberal global economy find a growth in inequalities and social polarization. Globalisation has divided the world into haves and have-nots, those that are rich in information and those that are disconnected from the information the West takes for granted. This may lead to a growth in terrorist activities by groups seeking a more equal disruption of globalisations benefits.9 This could be considered ironic, as US intelligence estimates put Bin Ladens personal fortune, gained through the use of globally based companies in excess of $500 million.10 The sweeping changes that globalisation has brought to the world have led to inequalities and poverty in certain locations. Ted Robert Gurr writes in his work on the economic factors of terrorism that, Macro-studies show that terrorism can occur anywhere, but it is more common in developing countries economic change creates conditions that are conducive to instability, the emergence of militant movements and extremist ideologies11. In many states where globalisation has lead to a changes in the economic structure, the structure of culture and society as well as changes in political doctrine, there is the possibility of a growth of terrorist groups. However to prove this is a hard task. Beyond interviewing each and every terrorist group active in the world today, it is almost impossible to prove empirically that globalisation is a direct cause of grievances amongst terrorist groups. Some commentators feel that the humiliating effects of the negative aspects of globalisation incur the wrath of certain militant ideologies12; that the grievances of some groups are fuelled by social and economic tensions13. Certainly Al Qaeda subscribes to this view as the argument of Ayman Al Zawarhiri demonstrates: that it is better for the youth of the Muslim world to take up arms than to submit to the humiliation of globalisation and Western hegemony14. Others feel the opposite, that while globalisation increases the terrorists ability to harm us, globalisation is not a direct influence on them15. One can only conclude this by noting that terrorism is a large subject and its adherents encompass such a wide scope of ideologies, that it could be said that the very nature of globalisation, even if it only affected one group, does contribute to the growth of terrorism in general. Cultural resistance to globalisation The global spread of liberal western market-driven culture can be interpreted by some militants as the infiltration of an alien and corrupting culture. This is then used by some nationalist or religious groups as a justification for terror activities.16 The Wests cultural inclination toward consumerism and acquisition of materials has become a source of anger for those in spheres without access to certain material products. Globalisation has lead to the broadening of travel by certain ethnic groups, as people from disconnected states; such as Africa, attempt to move to the west in order to gain more prosperity. This has contributed to the growth of certain terror groups, often right-wing in nature, that enact vigilante acts against what they see as the encroachment of the culture of illegal immigrants on national identity. 17 Globalisation as a philosophy, as the expression of western expansion and as a symbol of the corrupting influence of democracies, can be seen by certain groups; principally Al Qaeda and its affricatives, whose principal aim is the complete destruction of these corrupting values, as a justification for violence. 18 Globalisation fosters the development of new minorities Globalisation facilitates the movement of populations around the globe. This has lead to the development of new minorities within established and settled populations, many of whom have views that are, at minimum, sympathetic to groups with extremist ideologies.19 The wide dispersal of populations, often due to migration facilitated by globalisations open borders, has given terror groups a wide network of recruitment through diasporas20. At present, figures show that around 80% of recruits to the Salafi Jihadist terror movements have come from Islamic diaspora groups. Globalisation, through its open borders, has contributed to the growth of recruitment for the Salafi Jihadist movement and its connected terror groups such as AQ and its affiliates21. Gabriel Sheffer of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem observes that 27 of the 50 most active terrorist groups are either segments of ethno-nationalist or religious diasporas, or are supported by them.22 The wide dispersal of a population allows extremist movements within these populations to co-ordinate actions on a trans-national basis. For example, Borik Zadeh of the Battelle Institute found that mosques in Ohio, London, Frankfurt, and Paris were delivering virtually identical sermons, the key message of which was an endorsement of global war against the West.23. In the same way that globalisation benefits a multi-national corporation by allowing it to place staff across the globe and communicate with them; terror groups reap the same rewards through their ability to communicate, recruit and plan and execute attacks, utilising dispersed global populations of like minded individuals. Globalisation increases the opportunities for militant and terrorist groups Globalisation has facilitated the growth of terrorism through the movement of operatives across borders, information through the internet and money through international finances; legitimate as well as illegal. At the same time, the physical links in the global network from pipelines and communication networks to a globalised world population have become targets. 24 In the eight year period from 1987 to 1994, there were 9575 global casualties for terrorism. In the next nine years, 1995 to 2003, that total jumped to 27608. 25 Martha Crenshaw states in the Club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism that Globalization, for example, facilitates the spread of terrorism but is not a direct cause. (One paradox is that groups with the most fervent anti-Western ideologies exploit Western technology for their own gain) 26 On September 11 the very weapon that the terrorist operatives used was the passenger jet, which had hitherto been celebrated for bringing the world together.27 In fact RAND Corporation analysts point to the hijacking by PLO operatives of an Israeli passenger liner in 1968 as the first act of international terror. 28 In the modern phase of terrorism, the use of the tools of globalisation is apparent in the way that terror groups use new technologies, in the movement of terror operatives, and the changes in sources of support. As is common in globalisation, these are intertwined with one another, reflecting the interconnectedness of things that come about due to globalisation. 29 Modern terrorist groups are extremely adept at using the tools of globalisation. As David Barno writes in Parameters, Their command and control centre system is the internet, the laptop, the courier and the cell phone, drawing on technologies that were invented and paid for by their adversariestheir biggest operational weapon is the global information grid, particularly the international media30. With particular reference to the global network of Al Qaeda and its affiliates, it can be seen that through the use of a globalisations tools, particularly the internet, Al Qaeda has been able to disperse its message and gain support for its actions.31 In December of 2006, in a speech to the International Institute of Strategic Studies, Alexander Downers said, In the internet age, terrorist propaganda is everywhere. It cannot be blocked. 32 Al Sahab (the clouds), Al Qaedas media outlet, uses technology extremely well to propagate the martyrdom videos and propaganda videos of Bin Ladens rhetoric. 33 The internet; the principle tool of globalisation, has made facilitating a terrorist operation far more accessible to those with terrorist intentions. Information once only accessible to governments is now easily available to those with the necessary skills in utilising the information super-highway.34 In a few minutes one can access websites that instruct on sniper techniques and the construction of a pipe bomb35. The SITE Institute website36 alone carries numerous links to videos on bomb-making techniques. Further, the internet has enabled anyone with a grudge to form a movement that can be spread globally at the push of a mouse button. 37 Linkages develop between political and criminal networks Organised crime and terror networks have utilised the same methods for moving arms, money and other material across borders. Illegal banking activates have likewise been used by both terrorists and criminals. Terrorist groups increasingly funnel funds gained from illicit activities, such as drug dealing, to fund operations such as bombings, assassinations and hijackings. 38 The idea that criminal enterprises and terrorist operations are distinct and separate is both antiquated and erroneous. Terrorist groups have utilised the same underground channels to funnel arms and funds across borders as well as using the same infrastructure to change identities and move operatives. Louise Shelly notes in her work on the internationalisation of crime and terror, that the same language school used by the September 11 hijackers to gain their visas, was likewise used to provide visa documents for a major prostitution smuggling ring39. Globalisation weakens the state Due to globalisation, some governments have seen a weakening in their ability to control their own economies, diminishing their ability to project security. A growth in terrorist activity is sometimes a result of this. 40 While this is often the pervue of developing nations and failed states, it does have ramifications for the west. Globalisation is often marked down as a weakener of state controls. As the free market governs international relations, and regulations become less and less of the states concern, we will begin to see more and more illicit activity on the periphery of states controls. For example, we can look at the Riggs Bank in Washington DC, which was prosecuted for facilitating a transfer of funds to a terrorist group, while at the same time maintaining a client list that included diplomats and former US presidents.41 Existing in a globalised world means that actions of states, both at home and abroad, now have far more repercussions for security than before. Relating to the growth of terrorism, it can be viewed that: The states susceptibility to terrorism is determined not just by how it treats its citizens at home but by its actions abroad. When such actions lack international legitimacy and local populations perceive them as unjust, radical groups come to see terrorism as an appropriate response 42. In the interconnected world of globalisation, our very actions in fighting terror; in the way that states action their defences against terror, may lead to a greater number of disaffiliated actors who may turn to terror as a means of reprisal. Combating terrorism may also lead to a weakening of state controls, as acts of terrorism weaken states authority from below by emasculating the state, while the global governance takes control away form the states from above. This global governance will be accepted by states that wish to see terrorism combated for them by larger systems in the global community.43 Globalisation has contributed to the growth in terrorism through the use of its tools and through the agenda it pushes. Certainly the new crop of global terrorists seem to be railing against the perceived injustices caused by globalisation, as witnessed by the antagonism and alienation it causes in certain spheres. Some states have been weakened by globalisation, and these states have provided safe-havens for terrorism to flourish, offering support both logistically ands philosophically through global communities. The global network of finance has been exploited and terrorist groups work increasingly with criminal elements to secure illicit funds to push their operations further. These operations are broadcast globally through terrorist propaganda on websites. Be this as it may, the world still has the opportunity to use the tools of globalisation to better combat this rising darkness. Through global education and the interconnectedness of security treaties and trans-national allianc es, the world may yet begin to erode the support base that terrorist groups have throughout the disconnected places of this increasingly connected world.

Consumerism and Environment Essays

Consumerism and Environment Essays Consumerism and Environment Paper Consumerism and Environment Paper Consumerism is a phenomenon that was always immanent in the relatively plopped societies, where people purchased goods and consumed resources excessive to their needs. However, there was a major change after the Industrial Revolution, when the scarcity of resources was overcome and a huge variety Of goods in unlimited amounts became available to a wide range of people. The Industrial Revolution and several other factors created capitalism ; a new type of economy that resulted in a rapid growth of a middle class in developed countries. Middle class started to have money not only to cover their basic needs but also more. In 1899 Thorniest Blend called t the leisure class Billions of people worldwide now belong to the consumer class. Items that at one point in time were considered luxuries- televisions, mobile phones, computers, air conditioning- are now viewed as necessities. We are essentially basing our happiness around material possessions and demanding the best and biggest items (like houses, cars Money can buy, and our lifestyles are devoted to the accumulation of non- essential goods. As we are constantly exposed to mass media and popular culture in our modern society, consumerism has penetrated into every aspect f our lives, dictating our own beliefs, values and wants. Regarding pros and cons: On the one hand, we can state that rising consumption has helped meet basic needs and create jobs. There is no doubt whatever about this: more consumption involves more production, sales, jobs. Which are good and positi ve aspects in a capitalist system. In fact, some people argue that consumerism not only cannot delete or destroy our society, but also it is something essential for the society and it strongly benefits the economy. On the other hand, there is another view that establishes that the huge and mutinously increasing consumer demand has been getting the planet out of balance for many years. We are facing a problem of over-consuming that is undermining the natural systems that we all depend on, and making it even harder for the poorest or developing countries to meet their basic needs. . This trend Of over consuming and throwing out what we don t want is having devastating / destructive effects on the environment (the exhaustion of Earth s resources, uncontrolled air, water and soil pollution and a threat to human rights; sweatshops with ridiculous wages and horrible working notations with huge injury rates. These are the costs of consumerism. There are many ways that consumerism can affect the environment. Consumerism can c ause air and water pollution, land contamination, and forest degradation. Consumption itself, plus the production and waste of products used in consumption is related to pollution. Industrial waste (especially when just dumped into the rivers and oceans), waste from the tourist industry (including cruise liners, air travel, etc. ), waste from industrial agriculture, and automobile emissions are examples of air and water pollutions caused by consumerism. Tobacco production, for example, can lead to soil degradation and land contamination. Plastic bags are good example of how consumerism can affect our environment. Plastic bags effect our environment because when they are thrown out they can get washed into our water ways . When they reach the rivers and oceans, animals can get caught up in the plastic bag and suffocate. The buying and selling of fuels is also a major issue because the machines it goes into turns it into a poisonous gas (carbon monoxide) which is omitted into the worlds atmosphere. 3. So what is the solution? Can we do anything to change the consumerist society? Yes, we can and more than that we have to. What the anti- consumerists propose is to own less and to enjoy what you own more. Basically, many things we buy we dont need. As it goes in an anonymous quote We buy things we dont need to impress people we dont know. And therefore, thoughtful consuming will finally get us to the point of rational usage of natural resources. In order to change, we will have to get rid of a throw-away mentality. Reduce, reuse, recycle is a simple anti-consumerist mantra. And it does work, even if you think that you alone will hardly make any difference.

In your opinion, can a criminal trial be fair if witnesses are granted Essay

In your opinion, can a criminal trial be fair if witnesses are granted anonymity - Essay Example Anonymity is considered as one of the most sensitive and controversial issues related with the criminal justice. The laws related with the anonymity of the witnesses have been developed under the common law and there has been a large standing principal that the defendant to be confronted with his accuser in the court of law. (The Crown Prosecution Service) The case of R Davis however, brought forward new challenges when it was decided by the House of Lords that the anonymity of the witnesses may render the overall trial as unfair. This case is considered as one of the leading examples of ignoring the achievement of a delicate balance between the rights and responsibilities of different parties involved in any given case. (Kerrigan and Stockdale). This paper will attempt to discuss whether a trial can be fair if witnesses are given the choice of anonymity? The Case of R Davis In order to discuss the argument of whether a trial can be fair, it is important to discuss the case of R Davi s as this case is considered as one of the leading cases establishing the legal position for the anonymity of the witnesses and the fairness of the trial. R Davis was accused of committing double murders in London and after hiding for some time in US on false passport, he was extradited to UK. He maintained that he left the party before actual shooting took place and he has been fixed in this by his Ex- partner. The Crown’s investigation included witnesses in this case who were fearful about their security and therefore requested anonymity. After the due investigation, the claims of the witnesses were considered as true and trial judge, in order to ensure the safety of the witnesses as well as to obtain their evidence, allowed the anonymity under which witnesses were allowed to give their evidence against the false names, no information about them was provided to the defence and the natural voice of the witnesses was only heard by the Jury. Subsequently Davis was convicted by the Jury. (Rahman) The House of Lords however, overturned based on the Common Law Principle that the accused has the entitlement to confront with the accusers so that the accused could have cross examined them. Though exceptions were noted such as the case of hearsay however, based on the article 6 of the ECHR, the conviction was overthrown. Fairness of trial and Anonymity of witnesses Article 6 of the European convention deals with the right of having a fair trial and the article (6)(3)(d) outlines the rights of the defendants to examine the witnesses. In case of Davis, the court convicted him because of making a delicate balance between the rights of the accused and the rights of the witnesses can be a difficult task and commented that this may not always be incompatible with the Convention. Article 10 and 11 of the Universal declaration of Human Rights suggest that everyone has the right to fair trail and public hearing by and independent and impartial tribunal in case any crimi nal charges are levied against him. Further, anyone is presumed to be innocent until charges are proven as guilty. Viewed from the perspective of the above legislations and legal principles, it may be clear that the right of fair trial is of absolute importance however, competing interests also need to be taken into consideration when viewing the fairness of a trial and anonymity of the witnesses. In the

Emergency Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergency Technologies - Essay Example Additionally, the discussion delves on the disadvantages of the same technologies in abetting crimes such as hacking and phising. There are various advantages of computers and the use of computer technology in investigations. For instance, in the determination of crimes, it is essential to conduct forensic investigations. This is to identify their authenticity in order to unearth the evidence. However, despite the numerous benefits of forensics, it also has its disadvantages. On that note, the prevention of crimes such as corporate fraud, intellectual property disputes, phising and contravention of the contract would most likely apply computer technology such as forensics to find the truth. For instance, computer technology through forensics enables the investigators to search and examine hug amount of data fast and efficiently (Moore, 2010). In other words, such technology uses search keywords stored in a hard drive found in different languages. Additionally, computer technology mit igates on cyber crimes because they occur in the internet. Alternatively, the use of forensics is making it easy to recover valuable data that was previously lost and deleted especially in a court of law.

Communication, Gender, and Sexuality Blog...I Essay

Communication, Gender, and Sexuality Blog...I - Essay Example nfluenced all aspects of society from the basic family setting where men are viewed as the head of the family with the task of making important family decisions mainly resting on them to the work places where they hold the high esteemed positions. Women have therefore had to fight to be recognized from all fronts. They have learnt how to balance their caring nurturing side with their go-getter side making them a force so powerful. Standpoints have supported strong objectivity whereby marginalized or oppressed people such as women have been made able to create more objective accounts of the world. They have had to adapt to the masculine culture by taking up more male dominated roles like by venturing into fields like engineering which are more technical. In other words they have become bicultural. On the other hand when felt oppressed, they have learnt to stand up for their rights because of the strong objectivity the standpoints have offered them. This is seen vividly when it comes to the issue of women sexuality. They have defended their sexuality from the inhumane practices like rape, domestic violence and harmful demeaning cultural practices. Women have also learnt how to be accountable for the way they articulate their wants and demands. They base their demands on facts that are rational detaching all the emotional aspects that would discredit their plea on the basis that they are weak. Women have learnt how to look out for their

Effective use for family art therapy

Effective use for family art therapy Originally used in individual sessions, art therapy is taking a more active and integrated role in family therapy, crisis interventions such as violence in the home or alcoholism in the family, with mental health patients (e.g. schizophrenics), and children who are adopted or in foster homes. Families are a complex system comprised of subsytems, alliances, and triangles. In order to get a better understanding of familial patterns and how the family operates, art therapy sessions with the entire family provides an unusual opportunity to observe how the family unit functions in a situation less formal and less subject to their established mechanisms of control than is the purely verbal pyschotherapeutic interview (Kwiatkowska, p. 27). Art therapy is useful for providing an individual the opportunity to step back and evaluate the meaning of his or her subjective art expressions. This promotes a persons ability to symbolize, to think, and to think about thinking. Visual representation offers a means to express multiple layers of meaning in a condensed format. The graphic product is durable, allowing a client to review and respond to what has been expressed (Linesch, p. 26). Individuals, family members and the therapist literally have a visual picture of how an individual views themselves, their role in the family, wishes they have for their family, or anything else they have kept to themselves. Another effective use for art therapy is using metaphors to teach parents and children new roles and relationships, thus adding a new dimension to structural family therapy (Linesh, p. 51). For example, if a family is struggling with their adolescent child and the child draws his mother with a big mouth and says that mother is always yelling, mother realizes how she is affecting the family with her yelling. According to Kwiatkowska, the focus of therapy often switches because of the way different family members present their views of the problem. The initial reason for seeking treatment is overshadowed by a totally different aspect of the family disurbance brought to their awareness through their art productions (p.139). Drawing pictures, painting, or working with clay may seem easy and fun to do but this work demands a solid backgorund in family therapy and extensive psychoterapeutic experience in addition to art therapy training (Kwiatkowska, p. 137). Case and Dalley agree that the theory and practice of art therapy has evolved to require that the practioners of art therapy are highly trained and experienced people whose skills continue to develop after their initial training program (p. 146). Like regular therapists, art therapists must create boundaries with their clients and their families. One must be firm with families who disrupt the session either with constant bickering or irrelevant flow of words. Eventually such maneuvers should be explored as one of the patterns of family behavior (Kwiatkowska, p. 31). The basic role of the therapist is to create a non-threatening environment for the family as some members may feel anxious about working with art. It is the therapists duty to remind the family that when doing evaluations, it is important to emphasize that they will not be graded or tested on their artistic skill but instead use the media as a way to communicate and self expression (Kwiatkowska, p. 85). It is also important that the room must feel safe enough to express ideas, feelings, thoughts. Having open access to materials can make avilable man posible avenues of expression (Case and Dalley, p. 99). Case and Dalley believe it is not the job of the therapist to encourage spilling out of emotions but in fact to help the client feel that her feelings, however difficult to express, will be contained, listened to and understood (p. 102). The therapists role is to remain open to the imagery and all its potential meaning for the patient and containt the anxiety and feelings that are generated in attempting to understand it. It is possible a clear meaning will not emerge until weeks into therapy where connections can made and understanding takes place (Case and Dalley, p. 65). During assessments or therapy sessions the therapist will give the family some directives. For example, the therapist may request that the family draw a free picture, a picture of your family, an abstract family portrait, a picture started with the help of a scribble, a joing family scribble, then another free picture (Kwiatkowska, p. 86). The therapist should take notice of what materials each member uses and how they are explaining their picture. Proulx explains that as the art therapist views the work, they keep in mind the interactions that occurred how the material was used to symbolically represent the relationship and the amount of personal space occupied by the child or parent. Intensity of media application, amount of energy portrayed: is it full of life, full of color? Also note in the portrait who is included, who is left out, and which part of the work becomes the parents possession or the childs. Are there obvious projections ontothe child by the parent? Is there engagement, communication, emotional contact, enjoyment and loving? ( p. 72). Although some directives are given, the therapist should not offer help to the children until the parents or siblings have responded (or not responded) to the childs plea for help. Their behavior in this regard is an important source of information about how the parents have met their need of their adolescent or young adult offspring in their early childhood (Kwiatkowska, p. 85). In a regular session, the therapist can get more information from the family by asking them to explore self-perceptions. To do this, therapist can ask family members to draw themselves as they feel inside and to draw themselves as they imagine they look to their family (Linesch, p. 28). To facilitate adaptive coping, therapist might ask family to choose pictures or draw images that describe possible solutions to the problem. Family members may also be asked to represent themselves and their families as they are now and as they would like to be in the future. This can bring to light individual needs and family problem-solving (Linesch, p. 29). One of the disadvantages of art therapy is that the therapist is more vulnerable to misinterpretation in terms of the objective understanding of content. Care must be taken not to make rapid interpretations which might prevent or even deny the client the satisfaction of discovering and finding out for herself (Case and Dalley, p. 65). Because art therapy involves a lot of interpreation, it is understandable that critiques about this technique are similar to that of psychotherapy. The individuals images can come across as many things but only the individual himself can explain it. The therapist is urged not to point out obvious red signals, instead they should allow the client to come up with their own interpretations. Their own interpretations alone are something to make note of as it may shed some light on the clients thought process. Throughout many examples explored, art therapy was useful in helping family members listen to one another, rebalance hierarchies, and provided a vehicle for the individuals to take advantage of increased self-expressive abilities and share their internal experiences as communication between family/system members (Linesch, p. 158).

The Leadership Style of Donald Trump :: Charisma, Leadership

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Donald Trump is known for his eccentricity and unconventional businesses practices. He exhibits an unconventional leadership style. Donald Trump started early to develop his personal brand, this is exhibited by every piece of real estate Mr. Trump owns. Every casino, building or golf course has his name on it. He is eccentric, powerful, but yet he makes very smart business decisions. He is also a risk taker. All these business skills have made him a very well recognized business leader, and one of the nations most known billionaires. Donald Trump has appeared in many magazines, has written a couple of books, and even gotten his own show on NBC called â€Å"The Apprentice†. But what makes Donald Trump successful in almost every endeavor he takes on? Was he born a leader? or did he just become a great leader. There are certain characteristics common in all leaders. Some of those are values, skills and cognitive abilities. Mr. Trump exhibits all of these traits. If this is what h as made him as successful as he is, why are certain leaders not able to achieve his type of success? Perhaps he has something extra that has propelled him above everybody else. Everything that he touches seems to turn to gold. Donald Trump’s leadership styles have made him rich, powerful, famous and known through out the world. This paper will examine some of those leadership styles. Leadership traits   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Leadership research has not revealed a single trait that is possessed by all successful leaders, but a number of characteristics have been identified that are common to many of them†(Timpe, p.30, 1987). Leadership studies have not yielded one common trait possessed by all successful leaders, but they have identified a number of characteristics that are commonly found in successful leaders. And also displayed by Donald Trump Verbal Fluency This is not only having an extensive vocabulary, but also being able to speak in a manner that inspires and encourages. Being able to command attention from your audience is very important. When Mr. Trump speaks people listen. He is able to articulate and sell his ideas to you. He has had to do a lot of wheeling and dealing trying to acquire real estate, thus being able to persuade people by simply speaking is essential. Ability to Solve Problems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Problem solving is another characteristics of effective leaders. You have to be able to care of situations when they arise.